New research from the University of Adelaide in Australia and published in the Journal of the Federation of Societies for Experimental Biology has uncovered scientific evidence regarding what many mothers already knew with simple common sense.
Eating junk food during pregnancy and lactation can lead to children who are already addicted to junk food by the time they are weaned.
The team of scientists led by Dr. Bev Muhlhausler, Postdoctoral Fellow in the University`s FOODplus Research Centre, is the first to study and demonstrate the biological effects of maternal junk food consumption on offspring at an early stage in their development.
The study examined two groups of lab rats. One group ate a normal rat diet during pregnancy and lactation. The other group was fed a lot of junk food. After the babies were weaned, the Australian research team tested their neurochemical responses to junk food consumption.
When junk food loaded with factory fats and sugar is consumed, chemicals called opiods are produced. In turn, these opiods stimulate the production of dopamine, the pleasure hormone.
The mother rats that ate junk food while pregnant and nursing had baby rats that were less sensitive to this opioid signaling pathway than those that didn’t eat junk food.
Less sensitivity to the opioid or “reward” pathway leads to wanting and needing more junk food in order to experience the pleasure response from the neurological system. With this study, Australian researchers have shown that some babies have a predisposition to eat junk food before they are even born!
In short, eating junk food during pregnancy and lactation could very well result in children who have an increased preference for junk food.
Dr. Muhlhausler has strong words regarding the consumption of junk food during pregnancy and lactation:
“Mothers eating a lot of junk food while pregnant are setting up their children to be addicted.
The take-home message for women is that eating large amounts of junk food during pregnancy and while breastfeeding will have long-term consequences for their child’s preference for these foods, which will ultimately have negative effects on their health.”
Can the child consuming a healthy diet after weaning compensate for an unhealthy maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation?
Unfortunately, the initial research from further work in this area indicates that alterations to the opioid receptors are permanent.
Dr. Muhlhausler warns:
“Although our research shows that many of the long-term health problems associated with maternal junk food diets can be avoided if offspring carefully follow a healthy diet after weaning, they are always going to have a predisposition for overconsumption of junk food and obesity. It’s going to make it much more difficult for them to maintain a healthy body weight.”
Traditional Diet for Pregnant and Nursing Mothers
What should a pregnant and nursing mother be eating?
According to the Weston A. Price Foundation, the following guidelines for pregnant and lactating mothers give the best odds for a healthy, robust child as produced generation after generation by Traditional Societies following their native diets:
- Cod Liver Oil to supply 20,000 IU vitamin A and 2000 IU vitamin D per day
- 1 quart (or 32 ounces) whole milk daily, preferably raw and from pasture-fed cows
- 4 tablespoons butter daily, preferably from pasture-fed cows
- 2 or more eggs daily, preferably from pastured chickens
- Additional egg yolks daily, added to smoothies, salad dressings, scrambled eggs, etc.
- 3-4 ounces fresh liver, once or twice per week
- Fresh seafood, 2-4 times per week, particularly wild salmon, shellfish and fish eggs
- Fresh beef or lamb daily, always consumed with the fat
- Oily fish or lard daily, for vitamin D
- 2 tablespoons coconut oil daily, used in cooking or smoothies, etc.
- Lacto-fermented condiments and beverages
- Bone broths used in soups, stews and sauces
- Soaked whole grains
- Fresh vegetables and fruits
AVOID:
- Trans fatty acids (e.g., hydrogenated oils)
- Junk foods of all kinds
- Commercial fried foods
- Sugar
- White flour
- Soft drinks
- Caffeine
- Alcohol
- Cigarettes
- Drugs (even prescription drugs)
IMPORTANT WARNING: Cod liver oil contains substantial levels of omega-3 EPA, which can cause numerous health problems, such as hemorrhaging during the birth process, if not balanced by arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 fatty acid found in liver, egg yolks and meat fats. Please do not add cod liver oil to a diet that is deficient in these important animal foods. It is important to follow Traditional Diet for pregnant mothers in its entirety, not just selected parts of it.
Sarah, The Healthy Home Economist
Sources: Crave Junk Food When You’re Pregnant? So May Your Baby
Maternal Diet Sets Up Junk Food Addiction in Babies
Maternal Diet During Pregnancy Responsible for Kids Junk Food Addiction
Mum’s Diet Triggers Addiction to Junk Food
I wish studies could be done with humans because rats are not reliable models in studies.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/2/391.full
I wish studies could be done with humans because rats are not reliable models in studies.
http://jn.nutrition.org/content/138/2/391.full
I ate more McDonalds with my first pregnancy that I ever have in my life and ever will again. My son is far from a junk food addict. His first choice is fruit 100% of the time. He’s never been one to eat a lot of junk food. A little here and there but that’s all!
Angel – eating junk food would not stop you from nursing mama – do not feel guilty about that – your baby could have had tongue or lip ties, or there are some other reasons, but eating junk food is not one of them – hugs mama!
I never ate junk food with my pregnancy only healthy food. My son hates junk food now. This is very true. He lives broccoli, asparagus, all the healthy stuff I ate he enjoys eating now. Even if he is offered French fries he thinks its gross and won’t take it!
Rats and mice, it turns out, are poor models for human health research.
http://www.voanews.com/content/study-mice-not-best-models-for-all-human-disease/1602303.html
Mice and rats aren’t used because they are most like humans, its because less people complain when they use them for experiments. If they tried using baby monkeys, bunnies, or kittens, society would be outraged.
Not that I’m advocating moms eating junk food during pregnancy, but I have always wondered about all these studies done on rats. Doesn’t make sense to me. We’re people, not rats! I remember hearing about some cholesterol study done on rabbits in which rabbits were fed cholesterol rich foods and, of course it caused damage to the rabbits. Well, rabbits are herbivores, so of course you are comparing apples to oranges. Again, not advocating eating tons of junk, just agreeing that we should not be using rats and mice to study human nutrition.
^http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_mouse_trap/2011/11/lab_mice_are_they_limiting_our_understanding_of_human_disease_.html
Standard lab rats and lab mice are insulin-resistant, hypertensive, and short-lived, he and his co-authors explained. Having unlimited access to food makes the animals prone to cancer, type-2 diabetes, and renal failure; it alters their gene expression in substantial ways; and it leads to cognitive decline. And there’s reason to believe that ragged and rundown rodents will respond differently–abnormally, even–to experimental drugs.
Rats and mice have been proven not to be the most reliable models for experiments unfortunately.
Companies are absolutely putting chemicals in food to make them more addictive. Case in point; I’m the type of person who has a “sweet tooth.” If I buy ice cream I’ll do nothing but think of the ice cream all day and night until it is devoured. If I buy organic ice cream I can have a scoop, put it away and go about my business, it can stay in there for weeks. Maybe my “sweet tooth” is a “chemical tooth?”
If the “snack” industry is putting chemicals in their food to make them more addictive, and hooking babies. Does that make them worse than Big Tobacco? At least Big Tobacco waits until they are tweens.